| Summary: | The purpose of this report is to review the comparative clinical effectiveness of vaccines administered using a NFJI with that using N-S for individuals of all ages. Regardless of the type of vaccine, or type of NFJI, numerically more unsolicited and solicited local adverse reactions (e.g., redness, swelling, induration and infiltration) were observed with NFJIs than with traditional N-S injection. However, the frequency of unsolicited and solicited systemic AEs (e.g., fever, headache, muscles aches, tiredness, nausea) were numerically lower in NFJI, intradermal injection group compared with N-S intramuscular injection group. In conclusion, the vaccines administered by NFJI were reported to be as immunogenic as that by N-S. However, more local injection reaction, but fewer systemic adverse events associated with NFJI were also reported. Despite some limitations of the study designs, the comparative effectiveness and safety profile of vaccines (e.g., influenza, IPV or MMR) administered by NFJI and N-S were consistent regardless the type of vaccine and the type of NFJIs. Future studies assessing NFJI as a dose-sparing strategy comparing with conventional N-S are needed, especially for the influenza vaccine
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