Business environment
Managers need to need to keep abreast of the latest economic developments in countries around the world, and use this information to analyse and correlate with the economic environment in which businesses function to be able to make informed decisions that will enable the organization to progress de...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chennai, India
Pearson
2011
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| Edition: | 1st edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | |
| Collection: | O'Reilly - Collection details see MPG.ReNa |
Table of Contents:
- Sources of Capital Formation
- Capital Formation in India
- Capital Accumulation
- Factors Affecting Capital Accumulation
- Capital Accumulation in Developing Countries
- Savings
- Sources of Savings
- Domestic Savings in India (1951-2008)
- Investment
- Rate of Investment and Capital Formation
- Reasons for the Low Level of Investment in India
- Investment Commission
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Part II: Economic Systems and Policies Relating to Business
- Chapter 9: Economic System and Capitalism
- What is an Economic System?
- Capitalism
- Private Property
- Consumer Sovereignty
- Freedom of Enterprise
- Enlightened Self-Interest
- Profit Motive
- Competition
- Existence of Markets and Prices
- Absence of a Central Plan
- Limited Government
- Active Entrepreneurship
- Class Conflict
- Use of Advanced Technology
- Specialization Based on Division of Labour
- Extensive Use of Money
- Merits
- Automatic Functioning
- Greater Efficiency and Incentive for Hard Work
- Higher Rate of Capital Formation and Growth
- Economic Development and Prosperity
- Optimum Utilization of Resources
- A Just System of Reward and Penalty
- Democratic System
- Adaptability
- Encouragement to Enterprise and Risk Taking
- Demerits
- Excessively Materialistic
- Not as Productive as Other Economic Systems
- Gives Rise to Class Conflict
- Social Injustice and Economic Inequality
- Ignores Human Welfare
- Periodic Economic Instability and Unemployment
- Precedence of Property Rights Over Human Rights
- Emergence of Monopolies
- Misallocation of Resources
- Malpractices
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 10: Socialism
- What is Socialism?
- Features
- Merits
- Demerits
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Limitations of National Income Estimation in India
- Determinants of the Size of a Country's National Income
- Reasons for India's Low National Income
- Economic Causes
- Political Causes
- Social Causes
- Remedies
- National Income and Economic Welfare
- Inequalities of National Income Distribution
- Causes
- Effects
- Capital Formation and Inequalities of Income
- Steps Taken by Governments to Reduce Inequalities
- Uses of National Income Data
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 3: Business and Its Environment
- Business: Meaning, Characteristics and Objectives
- Divisions of Business
- Characteristics of Modern Businesses
- Large Size
- Global Reach
- Oligopolistic Structure
- Based on Technology
- Diverse
- Government Control
- Emerging Ethical Consciousness
- Business Environment
- The Internal Environment
- The External Environment
- The Economic Environment
- Economic Systems
- Structural Equilibrium
- Banking and Monetary Policy
- Fiscal Policy
- Economic and Price Stability
- Money and Capital Market
- Factor Endowments
- Size of the Market
- Social Overhead Capital
- Income Distribution and Purchasing Power
- External Trade/International Environment
- The Non-Economic Environment
- The Socio-Cultural Environment
- The Educational Environment
- The Politico-Legal Environment
- The Demographic Environment
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 4: Natural Resources
- Introduction
- Land Resources
- Irrigation
- Power
- Eco-Efficiency Strategy of Power Grid
- Hydropower and Sustainable Development
- Forest Resources
- Forest and Wildlife Conservation
- Forest Cover
- Fresh Water Resources
- Minerals
- Coal Mining
- Iron Ore
- Manganese Ore
- Bauxite
- Copper, Lead and Zinc
- Sea Wealth
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 5: The Technological Environment
- What is Technology?
- Technology and Development
- The Contribution of Technology
- Managing Technology for Development
- Integrating Technology with Business
- Technology in Developing Countries
- Technology Acquisition and Protection
- Technology Transfer
- The Need for Technology Transfer
- Forms of Technology Transfer
- Innovations
- Varying Research and Development Budgets
- Technical Cooperation and India's Capabilities
- India and the Global Knowledge Market
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 6: Human Resource Development
- Evolution
- What is Human Resource Development?
- Human Capital
- Human Resource Development in India
- Functions
- Human Development Index
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 7: India's Population and Its Impact on the Economy
- The Economic Effects of a Growing Population
- The Economic Effects of a Declining Population
- Factors Responsible for Changes in the Size of Population
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
- Theories of Population
- The Malthusian Theory of Population
- The Optimum Theory of Population
- The Theory of Demographic Transition
- Excessive Population as an Obstruction to Growth
- Features of the Indian Population
- India's Population Policy
- The Population Policy, 1976
- Progress Under the Policy
- The National Population Policy, 2000
- Trends in Population and Family Welfare Programme
- The Scorecard
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 8: Capital Formation, Savings and Investment
- What Comprises Capital?
- Capital Formation
- Growth in Capital Formation
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 11: Mixed Economy
- Mixed Economy and Its Types
- Features of the Indian Mixed Economy
- Coexistence of Private and Public Sectors
- Nationalization of Basic Industries
- Reduction of Inequalities of Income
- Provision of Social Welfare Measures
- Promotion of Economic Development Through Planned Efforts
- Resource Allocation Through the Price System and Government Directions
- Government Control and Regulation of the Private Sector
- Consumer Sovereignty is Protected, but Government Controls Production, Consumption and Distribution
- Government is Committed to the Promotion of Public Welfare and Protection of Labour, the Poor and the Marginalized
- Control of Monopoly
- Prices are Determined by Market Forces, but Products of Public Sector are Governed by Administered Prices
- Advantages of India's Mixed Economy
- Achievement of Faster Economic Growth
- Best Allocation of Resources
- Balance Between the Private and Public Sectors
- The Establishment of a Welfare State
- Heavy Capital Investment Through Planned Effort
- Disadvantages
- Undue Emphasis on the Growth of Public Sector
- Inefficiency of Both the Sectors
- Ineffective Control of the Private Sector
- Economic Fluctuations
- Failure to Solve Demographic and Unemployment Problems and Inflation
- Extensive and Corrupt Bureaucracy
- Conclusion
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 12: The Role of Public Policies in Governing Business
- Public Policy: A Definition
- Classification
- Levels
- Elements
- Public Policies and the Government
- Limitations of Governments in Executing Public Policy
- Need for Public Policies in Business
- The Involvement of Business in Public Policy Decision Making
- Business and Politics: Levels of Involvement
- Cover
- About the Author
- Contents
- Preface
- Part I: Fundamental Concepts
- Chapter 1: The Functioning of an Economy: Basic Concepts
- What is an Economy?
- Economic Activity
- Wants: The Basis of All Economic Activities
- Circular Flow of Economic Activity
- Real Flows
- Money Flows
- Production
- Definition
- Consumers' Goods and Producers' Goods
- Utility
- Goods
- Free Goods and Economic Goods
- Consumption Goods and Capital Goods
- Value
- Wealth
- Classes
- Wealth and Welfare
- Consumption
- Human Wants
- Formation
- Categories
- Characteristics
- Standard of Living
- Factors Affecting the Standard of Living
- The Standard of Living in India
- Engel'S Law of Family Expenditure
- Scales of Preferences
- Savings and Investment
- Summary
- Notes
- Key Words
- Discussion Questions
- Suggested Readings
- Chapter 2: National Income
- Definitions
- Marshall's Production-Based Definition
- Pigou's Income-Based Definition
- Fisher's Consumption-Based Definition
- Concepts in National-Income Analysis
- Gross National Product
- Net National Product
- National Income At Factor Cost
- Personal Income
- Personal Disposable Income
- Per Capita Income
- Measurement of National Income
- The Product Method
- The Income-Received Method
- The Consumption-Savings Method
- A Comparison of the Three Methods
- The Sectoral Composition of National Income
- Estimates of the National Income of India
- Post-Independence Background
- Special Features of the 1980-81 Series
- RBI's Role in National Income Accounting
- Advance Estimates and Quick Estimates of National Income
- Difficulties in the Measurement of National Income
- National Income Data and the Changing Profile of the Indian Economy
- Characteristics of the Indian Economy
- The National Statistical Commission