Table of Contents:
  • Includes bibliographical references (pages 321-339) and index
  • What is bias?
  • Causality and comparative studies
  • Estimating causal effects
  • Varieties of bias
  • Selection bias
  • Confounding : an enigma?
  • Confounding : essence, correction, and detection
  • Intermediate causal factors
  • Information bias
  • Sources of bias
  • Contending with bias
  • Glossary