Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction Techniques
During the past decade supercritical fluid extration (SFE) has attracted considerable attention as a sample preparation procedure in analytical chemistry. The successful implementation of this technique can lead to improved sample throughput, more efficient recovery of analytes, cleaner extracts, ec...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht
Springer Netherlands
1998, 1998
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| Edition: | 1st ed. 1998 |
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| Online Access: | |
| Collection: | Springer Book Archives -2004 - Collection details see MPG.ReNa |
Table of Contents:
- 7.3 Supercritical fluid extraction coupled to packed column supercritical fluid chromatography
- 7.3.1 Supercritical fluid mobile phase
- 7.3.2 Supercritical fluid extraction
- 7.3.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography
- 7.3.4 Supercritical fluid extraction coupled to packed column supercritical fluid chromatography
- 7.4 Instrumental aspects
- 7.4.1 Back pressure regulators
- 7.4.2 Extraction vessels
- 7.4.3 On-line analyte trapping and concentration
- 7.4.4 On-line sample introduction
- 7.4.5 Columns
- 7.4.6 Detectors
- 7.4.7 Fraction collection
- 7.5 Selected applications
- 7.6 Future prospects
- Acknowledgement
- References
- 8 Supercritical fluid extraction for off-line and on-linehigh-performance liquid chromatographic analysis
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Supercritical fluid extraction—high-performance liquid chromatography
- 8.3 Supercritical fluid extraction followed by off-line high-performance liquid chromatography analysis
- 10.3.4 Applications: food matrices
- 10.3.5 Applications: polymeric matrices
- 10.4 Conclusions
- References
- Matrix index
- Analyte index
- 9.3 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- 9.4 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—gas chromatography—mass spectrometry
- 9.5 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry
- 9.6 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—packed column supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry
- 9.7 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry
- 9.8 Conclusions
- References
- 10 Modern alternatives to supercritical fluid extraction
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Microwave-assistedextraction
- 10.2.1 Theory of microwave heating
- 10.2.2 Instrumentation
- 10.2.3 Selection of solvent and extraction conditions
- 10.2.4 Applications of microwave-assisted extraction
- 10.3 Accelerated solvent extraction
- 10.3.1 Theoretical considerations
- 10.3.2 Instrumentation
- 10.3.3 Applications: environmental matrices
- 8.4 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—high-performance liquid chromatography sample preparation techniques
- 8.5 Selected analyses performed using on-line supercritical fluid extraction—high-performance liquid chromatography
- 8.6 Conclusions
- References
- 9 Supercritical fluid extraction coupled on-line with mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
- 9.2.1 Flow cell supercritical fluid extraction—Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
- 9.2.2 Stop-flow supercritical fluid extraction—Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
- 9.2.3 On-line supercritical fluid extraction—supercritical fluid chromatography—Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography—Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
- 3.2.1 Type of fluid
- 3.2.2 Effect of density
- 3.2.3 Selection of supercritical fluid extraction temperature
- 3.2.4 Selection of organic modifier
- 3.3 Extract collection
- 3.3.1 Extract trapping using solvents
- 3.3.2 Extract trapping using solid-phase sorbents
- 3.4 Mathematical models used for optimizing supercritical fluid extraction parameters
- 3.4.1 Supercritical fluid extraction kinetic models
- 3.4.2 Strategies for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction variables
- References
- 4 Supercritical fluid extraction strategies of liquid-based matrices
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 General considerations
- 4.2.1 Vessels for direct liquid supercritical fluid extraction
- 4.2.2 Vessels for indirect liquid supercritical fluid extraction
- 4.2.3 Liquid supercritical fluid extraction vessel safety considerations
- 4.2.4 Selection of support media for indirect liquid supercritical fluid extraction
- 1.12.3 Extraction from a film, with non-uniform concentration distribution, controlled by transport only
- 1.12.4 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport and solvation
- 1.12.5 Extraction from a film controlled by transport and solvation
- 1.12.6 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport, solvation and matrix effects
- 1.12.7 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport, solvation and matrix effects, with non-uniform initial concentration
- 1.12.8 Extrapolation using the models
- References
- 2 Supercritical fluid extraction instrumentation
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Analyte and matrix
- 2.3 Modifier addition
- 2.4 On-line and off-line supercritical fluid extraction
- 2.5 Supercritical fluid delivery
- 2.5.1 Syringe pumps
- 2.5.2 Reciprocating piston pumps
- 2.5.3 Pneumatic amplifier pumps
- 2.6 Extraction vessels
- 2.7 Supercritical fluid extraction flow-control devices and restrictors
- 2.7.1Fixed-flow restrictors
- 1 Introduction to supercritical fluid extraction in analytical science
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Pure and modified supercritical fluids
- 1.3 Density of a supercritical fluid
- 1.4 Viscosity and diffusion
- 1.5 Solubility in a supercritical fluid
- 1.6 Factors affecting supercritical fluid extraction
- 1.7 Modelling of supercritical fluid extraction
- 1.8 Continuous dynamic supercritical fluid extraction controlled by diffusion
- 1.9 Continuous dynamic supercritical fluid extraction controlled by both diffusion and solvation
- 1.10 Continuous dynamic supercritical fluid extraction controlled by diffusion, solvation and matrix effects
- 1.11 Extrapolation of continuous extraction results
- 1.12 Derivations and discussions of model equations
- 1.12.1 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport only
- 1.12.2 Extraction from a film controlled by transport only
- 6.6.2 Trapping of analytes
- 6.7 Trapping procedures
- 6.7.1 Trapping on uncoated fused-silica retention gaps
- 6.7.2 Trapping on coated fused-silica retaining pre-columns
- 6.7.3 Trapping on sorbent traps
- 6.8 Use of modifiers and solvent venting
- 6.9 Supercritical fluid extraction as a sample introduction technique
- 6.10 Optimisation of conditions for supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography
- 6.11 Selected applications of supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography
- 6.12 Conclusions
- References
- 7 Supercritical fluid extraction coupled to packed column supercritical fluid chromatography
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Supercritical fluid chromatography: packed versus capillary columns
- 7.2.1 Efficiency
- 7.2.2 Selectivity
- 7.2.3 Sample capacity
- 7.2.4 Detectors
- 7.2.5 Analysis times
- 7.2.6 Restrictors
- 7.2.7 Temperature
- 5.6 Optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction—gas chromatography
- 5.6.1 Extraction flow rate
- 5.6.2 Column trapping temperature
- 5.6.3 Column stationary phase thickness
- 5.7 Quantitative supercritical fluid extraction—gas chromatography
- 5.8 Optimisation of extraction conditions for supercritical fluid extraction—gas chromatography
- 5.9 Supercritical fluid extraction—gas chromatography applications
- 5.9.1 Environmental samples
- 5.9.2 Plant and plant-derived samples
- 5.10 Conclusions
- References
- 6 Coupled supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Samples for which supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography is applicable
- 6.3 Influenceof the sample matrix
- 6.4 Instrumentation
- 6.5 Extraction vessels
- 6.6 Supercritical fluid extraction—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography interface
- 6.6.1 Aliquot sampling
- 2.7.2 Variable-flow restrictors
- 2.7.3 Summary
- 2.8 Supercritical fluid extraction collection modes
- 2.8.1 Off-line liquid trapping
- 2.8.2 Off-line solid phase collection
- 2.8.3 Off-line solventless collection
- 2.8.4 On-line collection modes
- 2.8.5 Summary
- 2.9 Automation of supercritical fluid extraction
- 2.9.1 Parallel supercritical fluid extraction systems
- 2.9.2 Sequential supercritical fluid extraction systems
- 2.9.3 Summary
- 2.10 Future developments
- 2.10.1 Supercritical fluid extraction in the production environment
- 2.10.2 Field portable systems
- 2.10.3 Pressurized fluid extraction
- References
- 3 Off-line supercritical fluid extraction for solid matrices
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.1.1 Sample preparation for supercritical fluid extraction
- 3.1.2In situsupercritical fluid derivatization extraction schemes
- 3.1.3 In-line supercritical fluid extraction cleanup procedures
- 3.2 Experimental parameters of supercritical fluid extraction
- 4.2.5 Restrictors and analyte traps for direct and indirect liquid supercritical fluid extraction
- 4.3 Procedures involving pH control and use of additives to improve supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies of analytes from aqueous samples
- 4.4 Aqueous sample derivatisation procedures
- 4.5 Supercritical fluid extraction of metal ions from aqueous media
- 4.6 Supercritical fluid extraction of analytes from enzymic reactions
- 4.7 Inverse supercritical fluid extraction
- 4.8 Selected liquid supercritical fluid extraction applications
- 4.9 Conclusions
- References
- 5 Supercritical fluid extraction coupled on-line with gas chromatography
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Techniques for coupling supercritical fluid extraction with gas chromatography
- 5.3 External trapping of analytes
- 5.4 Internal accumulation of analytes
- 5.5 Construction of supercritical fluid extraction—gas chromatography instrumentation