Wood - The Internal Optimization of Trees
Here are two physicists looking over the fence of physics, getting thrilled by the life and growth of trees, taking an altogether different, exciting view of wood: trees produce wood for their own benefit. They do not live for the benefit of man who builds his world using wood as a raw material. Tim...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin, Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
1997, 1997
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| Edition: | 1st ed. 1997 |
| Series: | Springer Series in Wood Science
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | |
| Collection: | Springer Book Archives -2004 - Collection details see MPG.ReNa |
Table of Contents:
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Mechanical Fundamentals
- 2.1 External Loading and Internal Stresses
- 2.2 Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stresses
- 2.3 The Finite-Element Method (FEM)
- 2.4 Notches and Notch Stresses — The Component Killers
- 2.5 Crack Propagation
- 2.6 The Main Mechanical Aspects
- 3 The Mechanical Self-Optimization of Trees — Five Theorems
- 3.1 The Five Theorems
- 4 The Principle of Minimum Lever Arms
- 4.1 Negative Gravitropism
- 4.2 The Flexibility Strategy
- 5 The Axiom of Uniform Stress
- 5.1 The Undisturbed Design
- 5.2 Repair Growth
- 5.3 Computer-Aided Optimization — CAO
- 6 Parallel Fiber and Force Flow Arrangement
- 6.1 The Principal Stress Trajectories are Shear-Free Lines
- 6.2 Computer-Aided Internal Optimization — CAIO
- 6.3 Spindle Shapes — Advantages and Problems
- 6.4 Fiber Deviations
- 6.4.1 Mechanically Controlled Spiral Grain
- 6.4.2 Genetically Programmed Spiral Grain
- 6.4.3 The Risks of Spiral Grain
- 10.6 Grown Cracks on the Upper Sides of Branch Joints
- 10.7 T-Cracks
- 10.8 Drought Cracks
- 11 Final Remarks — Review and Outlook
- Reference
- 7 Tree Rings and Force Flow
- 7.1 Longitudinal Tree Ring Arrangement
- 7.2 Tangential Tree Ring Arrangement
- 8 Growth Stresses
- 8.1 Qualitative Description
- 8.2 Longitudinal Stresses
- 8.3 Lateral Stresses
- 8.4 Selected Techniques for Measuring Growth Stresses
- 8.4.1 Visual Evaluation
- 8.4.2 Measurement of Growth Stresses with an Increment Borer
- 8.4.3 Growth Stress Measurement with Prismatic Samples
- 8.4.4 Growth Stress Measurement Between Two Pocket Holes
- 8.4.5 Single-Hole Growth Stress Measurement
- 8.4.6 Tangential Growth Stress Measurement on Radial Saw Cuts
- 9 Stress-Controlled Strength Distribution
- 9.1 The Wood-Concrete Analogy
- 9.2 Radial Transverse Strengths and Hazard Beams
- 9.3 Tangential Transverse Strengths in Leaning Trees
- 9.4 Strengths in the Residual Walls of Hollow Trees
- 10 Cracks
- 10.1 FrostCracks
- 10.2 Shear Cracks
- 10.3 Enclosed Bark
- 10.4 Hazard Beams
- 10.5 Ring Shakes