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Prevention in Clinical Practice

Prevention of disease and injury, including early identification of risks and disease and optimal control of potentially debilitating or fatal complications of chronic conditions, is the area of clinical medicine that holds the greatest promise for improving human health. Each year a long list of ma...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Becker, D.H., Gardner, L.B. (Author)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	New York, NY Springer US 1988, 1988
Edition:	1st ed. 1988
Subjects:	Public Health Internal Medicine Family Medicine Epidemiology General Practice And Family Medicine
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5356-0?nosfx=y
Collection:	Springer Book Archives -2004 - Collection details see MPG.ReNa

Table of Contents:

5. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
1. Introduction
2. Indications for Use
2.1. Exposure to a Specific Pathogen
2.2. Predisposition to Infection
2.3. Surgical Infections
References
6. Hepatitis
1. Introduction
2. Hepatitis A
2.1. The Virus
2.2. Epidemiology
2.3. Mode of Transmission
2.4. Incidence
2.5. Incubation Period and Period of Communicability
2.6. Strategies for Prevention and Infection
2.7. Prevention of Viral Spread
2.8. Passive Immunoprophylaxis
3. Hepatitis B
3.1. The Virus
3.2. Spectrum of Disease
3.3. Epidemiology
3.4. Modes of Transmission
3.5. Incubation Period and Period of Communicability
3.6. Strategies for Prevention of Infection
4. Delta Agent
4.1. The Virus
4.2. Spectrum of Disease
4.3. Epidemiology
4.4. Modes of Transmission
4.5. Strategies for Prevention of Infection
5. Non-A-Non-B Hepatitis
5.1. The Virus
5.2. Spectrum of Disease
5.3. Epidemiology
1. Patterns of Illness and Medical Practice in the United States
1. Introduction
2. Morbidity and Mortality in the United States
2.1. Adolescents and Young Adults
2.2. Adults
2.3. Elderly
3. Patterns of Practice
4. Prevention
References
2. History of Preventive Medicine
1. Introduction
2. Personal Health
3. Society
4. Applied Science
5. United States
References
3. Screening for Early Disease: Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests
1. Introduction
1.1. Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Disease
1.2. Identification of Risk Factors for the Development of Disease
1.3. Monitoring the Result of an Intervention Aiding in Disease Prevention
2. Terminology
2.1. Two-by-Two Table
2.2. Gold Standard
2.3. Sensitivity and Specificity
2.4. Accuracy of Positive Prediction and Accuracy of Negative Prediction
2.5. Prevalence
2.6. Reliability
3. Effect of Prevalence on Predictive Values
4. Characteristics of a Good Screening Test
4.1. High Sensitivity
4.2. Relatively High Specificity
4.3. Simplicity
4.4. Safety
4.5. Acceptability
4.6. Low Cost
5. Factors That Affect Sensitivity and Specificity
5.1. Spectrum of Patients
5.2. Bias
5.3. Exercise Testing as an Example
6. Characteristics of Diseases for which Screening Is Worthwhile
6.1. Relatively High Prevalence
6.2. Long Duration
6.3. Serious Consequences
6.4. Treatable Disease
7. Distortions Created by Screening
7.1. Pseudodisease
7.2. Bias
8. Application of Diagnostic Test Theory to Screening Tests
8.1. Syphilis Screening
8.2. Screening for Coronary Artery Disease
8.3. Screening for Breast Cancer
References
4. Adult Immunization
1. Introduction
2. Influenza Vaccine
3. Pneumococcal Vaccine
4. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines
5. Poliomyelitis Vaccines
6. Combined Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoid
7. Conclusion
References
4.1. Prognosis
4.2. Precautions
4.3. Measures to Maintain Health
5. Counseling Patients at Risk for HIV Infection
6. Precautions for Health Care Workers
References
11. Coronary Artery Disease
1. Introduction
2. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
2.1. Cigarette Smoking
2.2. Hypertension
2.3. Diabetes
2.4. Lipid Abnormalities
2.5. Obesity
2.6. Other Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors
3. Rationale for Prevention
4. Office Strategies
4.1. Primary Prevention
4.2. Secondary Prevention
References
12. Diabetes
1. Introduction
2. Concepts Concerning Diabetes Prevention
3. Prevention of Acute Complications
3.1.Diabetic Ketoacidosis
3.2. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Nonketotic Diabetic Coma
3.3. Hypoglycemia
4. Prevention of Chronic Complications
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Retinopathy
4.3. Nephropathy
4.4. Neuropathy
4.5. Foot Ulceration
4.6. Macrovascular Disease
5. Diabetes and Pregnancy
5.4. Strategies for Prevention of Infection
References
7. Streptococcal Pharyngitis
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
2.1. Streptococcal Pharyngitis
2.2. Rheumatic Fever
3. Rationale for Treatment
4. Diagnosis
4.1. Clinical Diagnosis of GABHS Pharyngitis
4.2. Throat Culture
4.3. Rapid Tests Utilizing Group A Streptococcal Antigen
4.4. Use of Tests in Clinical Situations
5. Prevention of Rheumatic Fever
6. Prevention of Recurrences of Rheumatic Fever
7. Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis
8. Endocarditis Prophylaxis
9. Future Developments
References
8. Tuberculosis
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
2.1. Risk of Infection
2.2. Risk of Active Disease
3. Preventive Strategies
3.1. Primary Prevention—BCGVaccination
3.2. Secondary Prevention
4. Active Tuberculosis
5. Special Situations
5.1. Urban Tuberculosis and the Homeless
5.2. Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
8.9. Medications
9. Prevention and Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea
10. Assessing the Returning Traveler
References
21. Occupational Medicine
8.2. Breast Cancer
8.3. Lung Cancer
8.4. Colorectal Cancer
8.5. Prostatic Cancer
8.6. Malignant Melanoma
8.7. Endometrial Cancer
9. Exceptions
10. Economics
References
17. Stroke
1. Stroke Epidemiology
1.1. Stroke Definition and Classification
1.2. Stroke Risk Factors
2. Asymptomatic Carotid Bruits
3. Transient Ischemic Attacks
4. Cardiac Disease and Stroke
4.1. Atrial Fibrillation
4.2. Mitral Valve Prolapse
4.3. Rheumatic Heart Disease
4.4. Myocardial Infarction
4.5. Prosthetic Heart Valves
4.6. Cardiomyopathy
5. Intracranial Hemorrhage
5.1. Congenital Berry Aneurysm
5.2. Arteriovenous Malformation
6. Conclusion
References
18. Osteoporosis
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition
1.2. The Problem
1.3. Some New Ideas
2. Osteoporosis in Clinical Practice
2.1. Diagnosis
2.2. Classification
2.3. Risk Factors
2.4. Screening
3. Prevention
3.1. Calcium
3.2. Estrogens
2.6. Summary
3. Prevention: General Principles and Specific Therapies
3.1. General Principles
3.2. Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
3.3. Prevention of Idiopathic Calcium Stones
3.4. Prevention of Triple-Phosphate Stones
3.5. Prevention of Calcium Phosphate Stones
3.6. Prevention of Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis
3.7. Prevention of Cystine Stones
3.8. Summary
References
16. Cancer
1. Introduction
2. Carcinogenesis
3. Factors Associated with the Development of Cancer
4. Evidence for Cancer Prevention
4.1.International Differences in Cancer Incidence
4.2. Migration Studies
4.3. Laboratory Research
5. Adverse Factors in Cancer Causation
5.1. Smoking
5.2. Dietary Fat
6. Protective Factors
6.1. Vitamin A
6.2. Fiber
6.3. Other Protective Factors
7. Strategies for Cancer Prevention
7.1. Smoking Cessation
7.2. Dietary Changes
8. Early Detection of Cancer
8.1. Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
3.3. Other Measures
References
19. Preventable Visual Loss
1. Introduction
2. Glaucoma
2.1. Definitions
2.2. Epidemiology
2.3. Pathophysiology
2.4. Diagnosis and Screening
2.5. Corticosteroids and Glaucoma
2.6. Costs
3. Diabetic Retinopathy
4. Amblyopia
5. Injury Prevention
References
20. Health Advice for International Travelers
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of Travel-Associated Illness
3. How to Find Health Information for Travelers
4. Pretrip Evaluation
5. Medical Aspects of Air Travel
6. Immunizations
6.1. Routine Vaccinations
6.2. Vaccines Sometimes Required
6.3. Vaccines Often Recommended for Tropical Travel
6.4. Vaccines for Special Circumstances
6.5. Discontinued or Unavailable Vaccines
7. Malaria Prophylaxis
8. Common-Sense Precautions while Traveling
8.1. Water
8.2. Food
8.3. Climate
8.4. Altitude
8.5. Traffic
8.6. Swimming
8.7. Insects
8.8. Animal Bites
6. Conclusion
References
13. Hypertension
1. Introduction
2. Measurement of Blood Pressure
3. Definitions of Hypertension
4. Epidemiology and Risk
5. Efficacy of Treatment
6. Nonpharmacological Treatment
7. Evaluation of Hypertension
References
14. Thromboembolism
1. Epidemiology
1.1. Frequency
1.2. Morbidity
1.3. Risk Factors
2. Tests for Thromboembolism
2.1. Venous Thrombosis
2.2. Pulmonary Embolism
3. Prevention
3.1. Mechanical Methods
3.2. Pharmacological Methods
3.3. Combination Treatment
4. Costs, Risks, Benefits
References
15. Nephrolithiasis
1. Introduction
1.1. Diagnosis
1.2. Metabolic Evaluation of the Patient with Nephrolithiasis
2. Predisposing Factors
2.1. Oxalate Stones
2.2. Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) and Calcium Phosphate (Apatite)—“Triple-Phosphate Stones”
2.3. Calcium Phosphate Stones
2.4. Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis
2.5. Cystine Stones
5.3. Tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
6. Summary
References
9. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
2.1. Incidence of STDs
2.2. Factors Influencing STD Trends
2.3. Magnitude of the STD Problem
3. Transmission of STD Agents
4. Prevention of STDs
4.1. Primary Prevention
4.2. Secondary Prevention
4.3. Tertiary Prevention—Rehabilitation
5. Prevention of STDs in Newborns
6. Prevention of STDs in Homosexuals
References
10. AIDS
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
2.1. Risk Characteristics
2.2. Male Homosexuality
2.3. Intravenous Drug Use
2.4. Heterosexual Transmission
2.5. Nonsexual Contact
2.6. Health Care Workers
2.7. Blood Transfusions and Blood Products
2.8. Vectors and Environmental Factors
3. Diagnosis of HIV Infection
3.1. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
3.2. Diagnosis: Laboratory Methods
3.3. Clinical Evaluation
4. Counseling Patients

Prevention in Clinical Practice

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