W and Z bosons
In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are , , and . The bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1. The bosons have a magnetic moment, but the has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a half-life of about . Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.The bosons are named after the ''weak'' force. The physicist Steven Weinberg named the additional particle the " particle", and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The bosons had already been named, and the bosons were named for having ''zero'' electric charge.
The two bosons are verified mediators of neutrino absorption and emission. During these processes, the boson charge induces electron or positron emission or absorption, thus causing nuclear transmutation.
The boson mediates the transfer of momentum, spin and energy when neutrinos scatter ''elastically'' from matter (a process which conserves charge). Such behavior is almost as common as inelastic neutrino interactions and may be observed in bubble chambers upon irradiation with neutrino beams. The boson is not involved in the absorption or emission of electrons or positrons. Whenever an electron is observed as a new free particle, suddenly moving with kinetic energy, it is inferred to be a result of a neutrino interacting with the electron (with the momentum transfer via the Z boson) since this behavior happens more often when the neutrino beam is present. In this process, the neutrino simply strikes the electron (via exchange of a boson) and then scatters away from it, transferring some of the neutrino's momentum to the electron. boson.}} Provided by Wikipedia
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by W. W
Published 1706
Published 1706
printed for A. Roper at the Black-Boy, and Tho. Bever, at the Hand and Star, in Fleetstreet
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by W. W
Published 1790
Published 1790
printed and sold by H. Trapp, No. 1. Pater-Noster-Row; also may be had of the author, No. 3. Britannia-Row, Islington
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by T. W
Published 1748
Published 1748
printed for the author, and sold by the booksellers and pamphlet shops of London and Westminster
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by W
Published 1731
Published 1731
Printed for J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane; and sold by J. Chrichley, at the London-Gazette, Charing-Cross; A. Dodd, at Temple-Bar; and H. Whitridge, at the Royal-Exchange
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by W
Published 1797
Published 1797
Printed and sold by John Marshall, at the Cheap Repository, No. 17, Queen-Street, Cheapside, and No. 4, Aldermary Church-Yard, Bow-Lane, London; and may be had of the Booksellers, Newsmen, and Hawkers, in Town and Country. Great Allowance will be made to Shopkeepers and Hawkers