1 Table of Contents: “...Introduction -- Sub-Threshold Operation: Theory and Challenges -- Gate-Level Building Blocks...”

2 “... differential equations, linear algebra and infinite-dimensional operator theory, perturbation theory...”

3 “... principles of transistors Integrated circuit and vacuum tube-based amplifier operation Theory and operation...”

4 “... by many improvements such as linear operator theory, Laplace Transformation etc. After the World War II...”

5 “... areas of mathematics (such as linear algebra, operator theory, and certain branches of analysis...”