1 “...This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures, reviewing...”

2 “... this by expressing out-of-pocket payments as a ratio of ‘discretionary’ consumption, defined as the amount by which...”

3 “...-provided service bears no relation to the out-of-pocket payments paid by the patient. It argues that a more...”

4 “...In the mid-2000s, India began rolling out large-scale, publicly-financed health insurance schemes...”

5 “... and outpatient departments. The results also suggest that VHI causes a reduction in annual out-of-pocket...”

6 “..., and out-of-pocket spending. The authors use six years of panel data covering all Vietnam's public...”

7 “... on average out-of-pocket spending, but they do find some-albeit weak-evidence of increased catastrophic...”

8 “... and high out-of-pocket spending are common. In this study, township health centers in two counties were...”

9 “... with the income losses associated with non-health shocks. Health shocks also stand out from other shocks...”

10

11 “... of new surveys (or adaptations thereof); and refinements to the estimation of out-of-pocket expenditures...”

12 “... are illustrated using data and out-of-pocket health spending in Vietnam in 1993 and 1998...”

13 “... free credit to rural households through a subsidized microcredit scheme and which was rolled out around...”

14 “... coverage scheme, which was rolled out in four waves over a 12-month period starting in April 2001...”

15 “... not, however, reduced average out-of-pocket spending, and appears to have had negligible impacts on utilization...”

16 “... in health. Both relate a household's out-of-pocket spending to a threshold defined in terms of living...”

17 “... to the insured and increased provision to the uninsured (who continue to pay out-of-pocket on a fee-for-service...”

18 “... of schooling, cognitive skills, and height, parsing out the relative contribution of each set of returns...”

19 “... in the target areas. The methods are applied to two contemporaneous World Bank health projects that set out...”

20 “..., including private (out-of-pocket) spending. However, they had different effects on inpatient admissions (fee...”