1 “... the distinction between ally and vassal was moot, and led to frequent conflicts and uprisings. During a slow...”

2 “... as pivotal to the transition from twelfth-century lords and vassals to the nobility of the fifteenth century...”

3 “..., the crusades of St. Louis, the struggles between French kings and vassals, and the rivalry of the Capetian...”

4 “... groups, the Bellah-Iklan and free-born vassals, which have been neglected in conventional accounts...”