1 “... been rising over time. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty...”

2 “... for rural India, calibrated to a panel of 59 regions observed four times over 1993-2012. The expansion...”

3 “...While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress...”

4 “...Brazil's slow pace of poverty reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a...”

5 “... yield different results. How large is this divergence? How is it changing over time? And how does...”

6 “... 125 countries over 1981-2008. The absolute line is...”

7 “... in which the extent of inequality in a society, and how it evolves over time, influences the extent...”

8 “... supply, and schooling in rural India over 1982-99. It finds that household electrification brought...”

9

10 “... in the developing world entered the Western middle class over 1990-2002, economic growth and distributional shifts...”

11 “...The authors report new estimates of measures of absolute poverty for the developing world over 1981...”

12 “... of poverty." Advocates for these new indices correctly point out that command over market goods is not all...”

13 “...This paper shows how differences in aggregate human development outcomes over time and space can...”

14 “... by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We...”

15 “...Drawing on a compilation of data from household surveys representing 130 countries, many over a...”

16 “... effect has been attenuated over time. On also taking account of exchange rate changes and prior...”

17 “... sector (mainly agriculture) has been the main driving force in poverty reduction over the period since...”

18 “... number of relatively poor rose over 1981-2005, despite falling numbers of absolutely poor. With sustained...”

19 “... by the continuing power over land held by local officials. This paper—a joint product of the Poverty Team...”