1 “...—and he considers how mathematicians over the centuries, including Descartes, Fermat, and Kepler, have...”

2 Table of Contents: “...In the mid-eighteenth century, Swiss-born mathematician Leonhard Euler developed a formula so...”

3 Table of Contents: “... implied the need for i. In the first century, the mathematician-engineer Heron of Alexandria encountered I...”

4 “...Some probability problems are so difficult that they stump the smartest mathematicians. But even...”