1 “... incentives to increase spending around elections in the presence of younger political parties. Previous...”

2 “... with programmatic political parties...”

3 “.... This paper focuses on one essential organization, the political party. Three measures of political parties...”

4 “... demonstrates wide variability in the organization of political parties. In countries where political parties do...”

5 Subjects: “...Political Parties...”

6 “... where voters are more attached to political parties. They are also lower in constituencies...”

7 “... countries, including 20 Latin American countries, to explore the effects of political parties...”

8 “... by political parties able to make credible commitments to pursue group interests. Other work, however...”

9 “... on patrons may undermine the emergence of credible political parties. The model helps to explain several...”