Well
A well is an excavation or structure created in the earth by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn up by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets or large water bags that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be injected back into the aquifer through the well. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a simple scoop in the sediment of a dry watercourse to the qanats of Iran, and the stepwells and sakiehs of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, and linings of wood or wickerwork date back at least as far as the Iron Age.Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, as is still the case in rural areas of the developing world. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with brick or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called caissoning uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a bit in a borehole. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.
Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a hydrogeologist, or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment before being potable. Soil salination can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for methane to seep into the water. Provided by Wikipedia
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by Well Wisher
Published 1793
Published 1793
printed for the author, No 53, Tooley Street, Southwark. MDCCXCIII. (entered at Stationers Hall.)
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by Well-wisher to the publick
Published 1721
Published 1721
Printed at Dublin: and reprinted for J. Roberts, near the Oxford-Arms in Warwick-Lane, London
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by Well-wisher to religion
Published 1765
Published 1765
printed by John Bryce, and sold by him at his Shop in the Salt-Market
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by Well-wisher to the publick
Published 1721
Published 1721
printed by and for George Grierson, at the Two Bibles, in Essex-Street
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by Well-wisher of the Society
Published 1729
Published 1729
Printed by E. Waters, on the back of the Blind-Key, near Essex-Bridge
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by Well wisher to trade
Published 1704
Published 1704
Printed by J. Marthems, for S. and J. Sprin[t] at the Bell, and J. Nicholson at the King's Arms in Little-Britain; and R. Smith under the piazza of the Royal-Exchange Cornhill
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by Well-wisher of the mathematicks
Published 1708
Published 1708
Aberdeen printed, and Edinburgh reprinted by [J]ohn Reid Junior, in Liberton's-wynd
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by Well-wisher of the mathematicks
Published 1710
Published 1710
Printed by the successors of John Forbes printer to the city and University
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by Well-Meaning Briton
Published 1788
Published 1788
printed for T. Hookham, New Bond-Street; and J. Bew, Paternoster-Row