1 Table of Contents: “... Gradients -- 4.3 Constitution of the Mantle -- 4.4 Mantle Convection -- 4.5 Melt Segregation -- 4.6 Closure...”

2 Table of Contents: “... gradients -- Methods for paleotemperature estimation using vitrinite reflectance data: A critical evaluation...”

3 “..., namely, that of scalars, three-dimensional vectors, and the vector operators, gradient, curl, divergence...”

4 Table of Contents: “...1 Physical Basis of Heat Transfer -- 1.1 Temperature and Temperature Gradient -- 1.2 Heat Flow...”

5 “... with vertical velocity gradients, as weIl as homogeneous thin layers have been considered. New methods...”

6 “..., gradients, irregularities, and waves in both current and long-term research activities. Starting from...”