The Science of Vehicle Dynamics Handling, Braking, and Ride of Road and Race Cars
Vehicle dynamics is often perceived as a quite intuitive subject. As a matter of fact, lots of people are able to drive a car. Nevertheless, without a rigorous mathematical formulation it is very difficult to truly understand the physical phenomena involved in the motion of a road vehicle. In this b...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht
Springer Netherlands
2014, 2014
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| Edition: | 1st ed. 2014 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | |
| Collection: | Springer eBooks 2005- - Collection details see MPG.ReNa |
Table of Contents:
- 4.11 Braking Performance of Formula Cars
- 4.11.1 Equilibrium Equations
- 4.11.2 Longitudinal Load Transfer
- 4.11.3 Maximum Deceleration
- 4.11.4 Braking Balance
- 4.11.5 Typical Formula 1 Braking Performance
- 4.12 Summary
- 4.13 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- 5 The Kinematics of Cornering
- 5.1 Planar Kinematics of a Rigid
- 5.1.1 Velocity Field and Velocity Center
- 5.1.2 Acceleration Field, Inflection Circle and Acceleration Center
- 5.2 The Kinematics of a Turning Vehicle
- 5.2.1 Fixed and Moving Centrodes of a Turning Vehicle
- 5.2.2 Inflection Circle
- 5.2.3 Variable Curvatures
- References
- 6 Handling of Road Cars
- 6.1 Open Differential
- 6.2 Fundamental Equations of Vehicle Handling
- 6.3 Double Track Model
- 6.4 Single Track Model
- 6.4.1 Governing Equations of the Single Track Model
- 6.4.2 Axle Characteristics
- 6.5 Alternative State Variables
- 6.6 Inverse Congruence Equations
- 6.7 Vehicle in Steady-State Conditions
- 9.6.5 Including the Unsprung Mass
- 9.7 Handling with Roll Motion
- 9.7.1 Equilibrium Equations
- 9.7.2 Load Transfers
- 9.7.3 Constitutive (Tire) Equations
- 9.7.4 Congruence (Kinematic) Equations
- 9.8 Steady-State and Transient Analysis
- 9.9 Summary
- 9.10 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- 10 Tire Models
- 10.1Brush Model Definition
- 10.1.1 Roadway and Rim
- 10.1.2 Shape of the Contact Patch
- 10.1.3 Force–Couple Resultant
- 10.1.4 Position of the Contact Patch
- 0.1.5 Pressure Distribution
- 10.1.6 Friction
- 10.1.7 Constitutive Relationship
- 10.1.8 Kinematics
- 10.2 General Governing Equations of the Brush Model
- 10.2.1 Data for Numerical Examples
- 10.3 Brush Model Steady-State Behavior
- 10.3.1 Governing Equations
- 10.3.2 Adhesion and Sliding Zones
- 10.3.3 Force–Couple Resultant
- 10.4 Adhesion Everywhere (Linear Behavior)
- 10.5 Wheel with Pure Translational Slip
- 10.5.1 Rectangular Contact Patch
- 6.17.4 Transient Vehicle Behavior
- 6.17.5 Steady-State Behavior: Steering Pad
- 6.17.6 Lateral Wind Gust
- 6.17.7 Banked Road
- 6.18 Summary
- 6.19 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- 7 Handling of Race Cars
- 7.1 Locked and Limited Slip Differentials
- 7.2 Fundamental Equations of Race Car Handling
- 7.3 Double Track Race Car Model
- 7.4 Tools for Handling Analysis
- 7.5 The Handling Diagram Becomes the Handling Surface
- 7.5.1 Handling with Locked Differential (No Wings)
- 7.6 Handling of Formula Cars
- 7.6.1 Handling Surface
- 7.6.2 Map of Achievable Performance (MAP)
- 7.7 Summary
- 7.8 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- 8 Ride Comfort and Road Holding
- 8.1 Vehicle Models for Ride and Road Holding
- 8.2 Quarter Car Model
- 8.2.1 The Inerter as a Spring Softener 8.2.2 Quarter Car Natural Frequencies and Modes
- 8.3 Shock Absorber Tuning
- 8.3.1 Comfort Optimization
- 8.3.2 Road Holding Optimization
- 10.5.2 Elliptical Contact Patch
- 10.6 Wheel with Pure Spin Slip
- 10.7 Wheel with Both Translational and Spin Slips
- 10.7.1 Rectangular Contact Patch
- 10.7.2 Elliptical Contact Patch
- 10.8 Brush Model Transient Behavior
- 10.8.1 Transient Model with Carcass Compliance Only
- 10.8.2 Transient Model with Carcass and Tread Compliance
- 10.8.3 Numerical Examples
- 10.9 Summary
- 10.10List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- References
- Index
- 8.3.3 The Inerter as a Tool for Road Holding Tuning
- 8.4 Road Profiles
- 8.5 Free Vibrations of Road Cars
- 8.5.1 Governing Equations
- 8.5.2 Proportional Viscous Damping
- 8.5.3 Vehicle with Proportional Viscous Damping
- 8.6 Tuning of Suspension Stiffnesses
- 8.6.1 Optimality ofProportional Damping
- 8.6.2 A Numerical Example
- 8.7 Non-Proportional Damping
- 8.8 Interconnected Suspensions
- 8.9 Summary
- 8.10 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- 9 Handling with Roll Motion
- 9.1 Vehicle Position and Orientation
- 9.2 Yaw, Pitch and Roll
- 9.3 Angular Velocity
- 9.4 Angular Acceleration
- 9.5 Vehicle Lateral Velocity
- 9.5.1 Track Invariant Points
- 9.5.2 Vehicle Invariant Point (VIP)
- 9.5.3 Lateral Velocity and Acceleration
- 9.6 Three-Dimensional Vehicle Dynamics
- 9.6.1 Velocity and Acceleration of G
- 9.6.2 Rate of Change of the Angular Momentum
- 9.6.3 Completing the Torque Equation
- 9.6.4 Equilibrium Equations
- Preface
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Vehicle Definition
- 1.2 Vehicle Basic Scheme
- References
- 2 Mechanics of the Wheel with Tire
- 2.1 The Tire as a Vehicle Component
- 2.2 Rim Position and Motion
- 2.3 Carcass Features
- 2.4 Contact Patch
- 2.5 Footprint Force
- 2.5.1 Perfectly Flat Road Surface
- 2.6 Tire Global Mechanical Behavior
- 2.6.1 Tire Transient Behavior
- 2.6.2 Tire Steady-State Behavior
- 2.6.3 Rolling Resistance
- 2.6.4 Speed Independence (Almost)
- 2.6.5 Pure Rolling (not Free Rolling)
- 2.7 Tire Slips
- 2.7.1 Rolling Velocity
- 2.7.2 Definition of Tire Slips
- 2.7.3 Slip Angle
- 2.8 Grip Forces and Tire Slips
- 2.9 Tire Testing
- 2.9.1 Pure Longitudinal Slip
- 2.9.2 Pure Lateral Slip
- 2.10 Magic Formula
- 2.11 Mechanics of Wheels with Tire
- 2.12 Summary
- 2.13 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- 3 Vehicle Model for Handling and Performance
- 3.1 Mathematical Framework
- 3.2 Vehicle Congruence (Kinematic) Equations
- 3.8.9 Forces at the No-Roll Centers
- 3.8.10 Suspension Jacking
- 3.8.11 Roll Angle andLateral Load Transfers
- 3.8.12 Explicit Expressions of Lateral Load Transfers
- 3.8.13 Lateral Load Transfers with Rigid Tires
- 3.9 Dependent Suspensions
- 3.10 Sprung and Unsprung Masses
- 3.11 Vehicle Model for Handling and Performance
- 3.11.1 Equilibrium Equations
- 3.11.2 Constitutive (Tire) Equations
- 3.11.3 Congruence (Kinematic) Equations
- 3.11.4 Principles of any Differential Mechanism
- 3.12 The Structure of this Vehicle Model
- 3.13 Three-Axle vehicles
- 3.14 Summary
- 3.15 List of Some Relevant Concepts
- References
- 4 Braking Performance
- 4.1 Pure Braking
- 4.2 Vehicle Model for Braking Performance
- 4.3 Equilibrium Equations
- 4.4 Longitudinal Load Transfer
- 4.5 Maximum Deceleration
- 4.6 Brake Balance
- 4.7 All Possible Braking Combinations
- 4.8 Changing the Grip
- 4.9 Changing the Weight Distribution
- 4.10 A Numerical Example
- 6.7.1 The Role of the Steady-State Lateral Acceleration
- 6.7.2 Steady-State Analysis
- 6.8 Handling Diagram—the Classical Approach
- 6.9 Weak Concepts in Classical Vehicle Dynamics.-6.9.1 Popular Definitions of Understeer/Oversteer
- 6.10 Map of Achievable Performance (MAP)—a New Global Approach
- 6.11 Vehicle in Transient Conditions (Stability and Control Derivatives)
- 6.11.1 Steady-State Conditions (Equilibrium Points)
- 6.11.2 Linearization of the Equations of Motion
- 6.11.3 Stability
- 6.11.4 Forced Oscillations (Driver Action)
- 6.12 Relationship Between Steady State Data and Transient Behavior
- 6.13 New Understeer Gradient
- 6.14 Stability (Again)
- 6.15 The Single Track Model Revisited
- 6.15.1 Different Vehicles with Almost Identical Handling
- 6.16 Road Vehicles with Locked or Limited Slip Differential
- 6.17 Linear Single Track Model
- 6.17.1 Governing Equations
- 6.17.2 Solution for Constant Forward Speed
- 6.17.3 Critical Speed
- 3.2.1 Velocities
- 3.2.2 Yaw Angle and Trajectory
- 3.2.3 Velocity Center
- 3.2.4 Fundamental Ratios
- 3.2.5 Accelerations and Radii of Curvature
- 3.2.6 Acceleration Center
- 3.2.7 Tire Kinematics (Tire Slips)
- 3.3 Vehicle Constitutive (Tire) Equations
- 3.4 Vehicle Equilibrium Equations
- 3.5 Forces Acting on the Vehicle
- 3.5.1 Weight
- 3.5.2 Aerodynamic Force
- 3.5.3 Road–Tire Friction Forces
- 3.5.4 Road–Tire Vertical Forces
- 3.6 Vehicle Equilibrium Equations (more explicit form)
- 3.7 Load Transfers
- 3.7.1 Longitudinal Load Transfer
- 3.7.2 Lateral Load Transfers
- 3.7.3 Vertical Loads on each Tire
- 3.8 Suspension First-Order Analysis
- 3.8.1 Suspension Reference Configuration
- 3.8.2 Suspension Internal Coordinates
- 3.8.3 Camber variation
- 3.8.4 Vehicle Internal Coordinates
- 3.8.5 Roll and Vertical Stiffnesses
- 3.8.6 Suspension Internal Equilibrium
- 3.8.7 Effects of a Lateral Force
- 3.8.8 No-Roll Centers and No-Roll Axis